This is a publicity photo taken to promote a film actress. As stated by film production expert Eve Light Honthaner on page 211 of The Complete Film Production Handbook, (Focal Press, 2001):
"Publicity photos (star headshots) have traditionally not been copyrighted. Since they are disseminated to the public, they are generally considered public domain, and therefore clearance by the studio that produced them is not necessary."
Nancy E. Wolff, on page 55 of The Professional Photographer's Legal Handbook (Allworth Communications, 2007), includes a similar explanation:
"There is a vast body of photographs, including but not limited to publicity stills, that have no notice as to who may have created them."
Film industry author Gerald Mast, on page 87 of Film Study and the Copyright Law (1989), writes:
"According to the old copyright act, such production stills were not automatically copyrighted as part of the film and required separate copyrights as photographic stills. The new copyright act similarly excludes the production still from automatic copyright but gives the film's copyright owner a five-year period in which to copyright the stills. Most studios have never bothered to copyright these stills because they were happy to see them pass into the public domain, to be used by as many people in as many publications as possible."
Kristin Thompson, committee chairperson of the Society for Cinema and Media Studies writes in the conclusion of a 1993 conference with cinema scholars and editors, that they "expressed the opinion that it is not necessary for authors to request permission to reproduce frame enlargements... [and] some trade presses that publish educational and scholarly film books also take the position that permission is not necessary for reproducing frame enlargements and publicity photographs."
Given the evidence supplied in these materials, it can be assumed that for the reasons stated above, this image is in the public domain in the United States.
Dit werk bevindt zich in het publieke domein vanwege het feit dat het in de Verenigde Staten van Amerika werd gepubliceerd tussen 1929 en 1977 zonder enige copyrightvermelding. Tenzij de auteur inmiddels voldoende jaren geleden is overleden is dit werk auteursrechtelijk beschermd in rechtsgebieden die de "regel van de kortere termijn" niet toepassen op Amerikaanse werken, zoals Canada (50 p.m.a.), de Volksrepubliek China (50 p.m.a., m.u.v. Hong Kong en Macau), Duitsland (70 p.m.a.), Mexico (100 p.m.a.), Zwitserland (70 p.m.a.) en andere landen met individuele verdragen. Zie deze Engelstalige pagina voor nadere toelichting.
De persoon die een werk voorziet van deze licentie stelt dit werk beschikbaar aan het publieke domein door, voor zover dit wettelijk is toegestaan, afstand te doen van alle rechten op het werk in de zin van het auteursrecht, met inbegrip van alle aanverwante of naburige rechten. U kunt het werk kopiëren, aanpassen, distribueren en uitvoeren, ook voor commerciële doeleinden, zonder dat u daarvoor toestemming hoeft te vragen.
http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/deed.enCC0Creative Commons Zero, Public Domain Dedicationfalsefalse