Isotopen van thallium
Uiterlijk
Het chemisch element thallium (Tl), met een atoommassa van 204,3833(2) u, bezit 2 stabiele isotopen: 203Tl en 205Tl, waarvan de laatste het meeste voorkomt (ongeveer 70,5%). De 36 radio-isotopen zijn onstabiel en hebben een relatief korte halfwaardetijd (de meeste minder dan een seconde). Alle stabiele isotopen worden ervan verdacht α-verval te ondergaan tot stabiele isotopen van goud. In de natuur komen ook sporen van de radio-isotopen 206Tl, 207Tl, 208Tl en 210Tl voor.
De kortstlevende isotoop van thallium is 176Tl, met een halfwaardetijd van ongeveer 5,2 milliseconden. De langstlevende is 204Tl, met een halfwaardetijd van 3,78 jaar.
Overzicht[bewerken | brontekst bewerken]
Nuclide | Z (p) | N (n) | Isotopische massa (u) | Halveringstijd | Radioactief verval | VP | Kernspin | Isotopische verhouding (molfractie) |
Natuurlijk voorkomen (molfractie) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Excitatie-energie | |||||||||
176Tl | 81 | 95 | 176,00059(21) | 5,2 ms | (3−, 4−, 5−) | ||||
177Tl | 81 | 100 | 176,996427(27) | 18(5) ms | p | 176Hg | (1/2+) | ||
α (zelden) | 173Au | ||||||||
177mTl | 807(18) keV | 230(40) µs | p | 176Hg | (11/2−) | ||||
α | 173Au | ||||||||
178Tl | 81 | 97 | 177,99490(12) | 255(10) ms | α | 174Au | |||
p (zelden) | 177Hg | ||||||||
179Tl | 81 | 98 | 178,99109(5) | 270(30) ms | α | 175Au | (1/2+) | ||
p (zelden) | 178Hg | ||||||||
179mTl | 860(30) keV | 1,60(16) ms | α | 175Au | (9/2−) | ||||
IT (zelden) | 179Tl | ||||||||
180Tl | 81 | 99 | 179,98991(13) | 1,5(2) s | α (75%) | 176Au | |||
β+ (25%) | 180Hg | ||||||||
β+, splijting (10−4%) | 100Ru, 80Kr | ||||||||
181Tl | 81 | 100 | 180,986257(10) | 3,2(3) s | α | 177Au | 1/2+ | ||
β+ | 181Hg | ||||||||
181mTl | 857(29) keV | 1,7(4) ms | α | 177Au | 9/2− | ||||
β+ | 181Hg | ||||||||
182Tl | 81 | 101 | 181,98567(8) | 2,0(3) s | β+ (96%) | 182Hg | 2− | ||
α (4%) | 178Au | ||||||||
182m1Tl | 100(100) keV | 2,9(5) s | α | 178Au | (7+) | ||||
β+ (zelden) | 182Hg | ||||||||
182m2Tl | 600(140) keV | 10− | |||||||
183Tl | 81 | 102 | 182,982193(10) | 6,9(7) s | β+ (98%) | 183Hg | 1/2+ | ||
α (2%) | 179Au | ||||||||
183m1Tl | 630(17) keV | 53,3(3) ms | IT (99,99%) | 183Tl | 9/2− | ||||
α (0,01%) | 179Au | ||||||||
183m2Tl | 976,8(3) keV | 1,48(10) µs | (13/2+) | ||||||
184Tl | 81 | 103 | 183,98187(5) | 9,7(6) s | β+ | 184Hg | 2− | ||
184m1Tl | 100(100) keV | 10 s | β+ (97,9%) | 184Hg | 7+ | ||||
α (2,1%) | 180Au | ||||||||
184m2Tl | 500(140) keV | > 20 ns | (10−) | ||||||
185Tl | 81 | 104 | 184,97879(6) | 19,5(5) s | α | 181Au | 1/2+ | ||
β+ | 185Hg | ||||||||
185mTl | 452,8(20) keV | 1,93(8) s | IT (99,99%) | 185Tl | 9/2− | ||||
α (0,01%) | 181Au | ||||||||
β+ | 185Hg | ||||||||
186Tl | 81 | 105 | 185,97833(20) | 40 s | β+ | 186Hg | (2−) | ||
α (0,006%) | 182Au | ||||||||
186m1Tl | 320(180) keV | 27,5(10) s | β+ | 186Hg | (7+) | ||||
186m2Tl | 690(180) keV | 2,9(2) s | (10−) | ||||||
187Tl | 81 | 106 | 186,975906(9) | ± 51 s | β+ | 187Hg | (1/2+) | ||
α (zelden) | 183Au | ||||||||
187mTl | 335(3) keV | 15,60(12) s | α | 183Au | (9/2−) | ||||
IT | 187Tl | ||||||||
β+ | 187Hg | ||||||||
188Tl | 81 | 107 | 187,97601(4) | 71(2) s | β+ | 188Hg | (2−) | ||
188m1Tl | 40(30) keV | 71(1) s | β+ | 188Hg | (7+) | ||||
188m2Tl | 310(30) keV | 41(4) ms | (9−) | ||||||
189Tl | 81 | 108 | 188,973588(12) | 2,3(2) min | β+ | 189Hg | (1/2+) | ||
189mTl | 257,6(13) keV | 1,4(1) min | β+ (96%) | 189Hg | (9/2−) | ||||
IT (4%) | 189Tl | ||||||||
190Tl | 81 | 109 | 189,97388(5) | 2,6(3) min | β+ | 190Hg | 2− | ||
190m1Tl | 130(90) keV | 3,7(3) min | β+ | 190Hg | 7+ | ||||
190m2Tl | 290(70) keV | 750(40) µs | (8−) | ||||||
190m3Tl | 410(70) keV | > 1 µs | 9− | ||||||
191Tl | 81 | 110 | 190,971786(8) | 20 min | β+ | 191Hg | (1/2+) | ||
191mTl | 297(7) keV | 5,22(16) min | β+ | 191Hg | 9/2− | ||||
192Tl | 81 | 111 | 191,97223(3) | 9,6(4) min | β+ | 192Hg | (2−) | ||
192m1Tl | 160(50) keV | 10,8(2) min | β+ | 192Hg | (7+) | ||||
192m2Tl | 407(54) keV | 296(5) ns | (8−) | ||||||
193Tl | 81 | 112 | 192,97067(12) | 21,6(8) min | β+ | 193Hg | 1/2+ | ||
193mTl | 369(4) keV | 2,11(15) min | IT (75%) | 193Tl | 9/2− | ||||
β+ (25%) | 193Hg | ||||||||
194Tl | 81 | 113 | 193,97120(15) | 33,0(5) min | β+ | 194Hg | 2− | ||
α (10−7%) | 190Au | ||||||||
194mTl | 300(200) keV | 32,8(2) min | β+ | 194Hg | (7+) | ||||
195Tl | 81 | 114 | 194,969774(15) | 1,16(5) uur | β+ | 195Hg | 1/2+ | ||
195mTl | 482,63(17) keV | 3,6(4) s | IT | 195Tl | 9/2− | ||||
196Tl | 81 | 115 | 195,970481(13) | 1,84(3) uur | β+ | 196Hg | 2− | ||
196mTl | 394,2(5) keV | 1,41(2) uur | β+ (95,5%) | 196Hg | (7+) | ||||
IT (4,5%) | 196Tl | ||||||||
197Tl | 81 | 116 | 196,969575(18) | 2,84(4) uur | β+ | 197Hg | 1/2+ | ||
197mTl | 608,22(8) keV | 540(10) ms | IT | 197Tl | 9/2− | ||||
198Tl | 81 | 117 | 197,97048(9) | 5,3(5) uur | β+ | 198Hg | 2− | ||
198m1Tl | 543,5(4) keV | 1,87(3) uur | β+ (54%) | 198Hg | 7+ | ||||
IT (46%) | 198Tl | ||||||||
198m2Tl | 687,2(5) keV | 150(40) ns | (5+) | ||||||
198m3Tl | 742,3(4) keV | 32,1(10) ms | (10−) | ||||||
199Tl | 81 | 118 | 198,96988(3) | 7,42(8) uur | β+ | 199Hg | 1/2+ | ||
199mTl | 749,7(3) keV | 28,4(2) ms | IT | 199Tl | 9/2− | ||||
200Tl | 81 | 119 | 199,970963(6) | 26,1(1) uur | β+ | 200Hg | 2− | ||
200m1Tl | 753,6(2) keV | 34,3(10) ms | IT | 200Tl | 7+ | ||||
200m2Tl | 762,0(2) keV | 0,33(5) µs | 5+ | ||||||
201Tl | 81 | 120 | 200,970819(16) | 72,912(17) uur | EV | 201Hg | 1/2+ | ||
201mTl | 919,50(9) keV | 2,035(7) ms | IT | 201Tl | (9/2−) | ||||
202Tl | 81 | 121 | 201,972106(16) | 12,23(2) dagen | β+ | 202Hg | 2− | ||
202mTl | 950,19(10) keV | 572(7) µs | 7+ | ||||||
203Tl | 81 | 122 | 202,9723442(14) | stabiel | 1/2+ | 0,2952(1) | 0,29494 - 0,29528 | ||
203mTl | 3400(300) keV | 7,7(5) µs | (25/2+) | ||||||
204Tl | 81 | 123 | 203,9738635(13) | 3,78(2) jaar | β− (97,1%) | 204Pb | 2− | ||
EV (2,9%) | 204Hg | ||||||||
204m1Tl | 1104,0(4) keV | 63(2) µs | 7+ | ||||||
204m2Tl | 2500(500) keV | 2,6(2) µs | (12−) | ||||||
204m3Tl | 3500(500) keV | 1,6(2) µs | (20+) | ||||||
205Tl | 81 | 124 | 204,9744275(14) | stabiel | 1/2+ | 0,7048(1) | 0,70472 - 0,70506 | ||
205m1Tl | 3290,63(17) keV | 2,6(2) µs | 25/2+ | ||||||
205m2Tl | 4835,6(15) keV | 235(10) ns | (35/2−) | ||||||
206Tl | 81 | 125 | 205,9761103(15) | 4,200(17) min | β− | 206Pb | 0− | sporen | |
206mTl | 2643,11(19) keV | 3,74(3) min | IT | 206Tl | (12−) | ||||
207Tl | 81 | 126 | 206,977419(6) | 4,77(2) min | β− | 207Pb | 1/2+ | sporen | |
207mTl | 1348,1(3) keV | 1,33(11) s | IT (99,9%) | 207Tl | 11/2− | ||||
β− (0,1%) | 207Pb | ||||||||
208Tl | 81 | 127 | 207,9820187(21) | 3,053(4) min | β− | 208Pb | 5+ | sporen | |
209Tl | 81 | 128 | 208,985359(8) | 2,161(7) min | β− | 209Pb | (1/2+) | ||
210Tl | 81 | 129 | 209,990074(12) | 1,30(3) min | β− (99,991%) | 210Pb | (5+) | sporen | |
β−, n (0,009%) | 209Pb | ||||||||
211Tl | 81 | 130 | 210,99348(22) | 1 min | 1/2+ | ||||
212Tl | 81 | 131 | 211,99823(32) | 30 s | 5+ |
Overzicht van isotopen per element[bewerken | brontekst bewerken]
1 | 18 | |||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | H | 2 | Periodiek systeem | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | He | |||||||||
2 | Li | Be | De links verwijzen naar isotopen per element | B | C | N | O | F | Ne | |||||||||
3 | Na | Mg | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | Al | Si | P | S | Cl | Ar |
4 | K | Ca | Sc | Ti | V | Cr | Mn | Fe | Co | Ni | Cu | Zn | Ga | Ge | As | Se | Br | Kr |
5 | Rb | Sr | Y | Zr | Nb | Mo | Tc | Ru | Rh | Pd | Ag | Cd | In | Sn | Sb | Te | I | Xe |
6 | Cs | Ba | ↓ | Hf | Ta | W | Re | Os | Ir | Pt | Au | Hg | Tl | Pb | Bi | Po | At | Rn |
7 | Fr | Ra | ↓↓ | Rf | Db | Sg | Bh | Hs | Mt | Ds | Rg | Cn | Nh | Fl | Mc | Lv | Ts | Og |
Lanthaniden | La | Ce | Pr | Nd | Pm | Sm | Eu | Gd | Tb | Dy | Ho | Er | Tm | Yb | Lu | |||
Actiniden | Ac | Th | Pa | U | Np | Pu | Am | Cm | Bk | Cf | Es | Fm | Md | No | Lr |
Bronnen, noten en/of referenties
- (en) R.B. Firestone, S.Y. Frank Chu & C.M. Baglin (1999) - Table of Isotopes (online versie van de cd-rom)
- (en) G. Audi, A.H. Wapstra, C. Thibault, J. Blachot & O. Bersillon (2003) - The NUBASE evaluation of nuclear and decay properties, Nuclear Physics A, 729, pp. 3-128
- (en) J.R. de Laeter, J.K. Böhlke, P. De Bièvre, H. Hidaka, H.S. Peiser, K.J.R. Rosman & P.D.P. Taylor (2003) - Atomic weights of the elements. Review 2000 (IUPAC Technical Report), Pure and Applied Chemistry, 75 (6), pp. 683–800
- (en) M.E. Wieser (2006) - Atomic weights of the elements 2005 (IUPAC Technical Report), Pure and Applied Chemistry, 78 (11), pp. 2051–2066
- (en) David R. Lide (2004) - CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (85th ed.), hoofdstuk 11, CRC Press - ISBN 978-0849304859